? - ???????

?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????.

????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????:

• ???? ????:: ??? ???? ??????? (??? ???????)
• ???? ?????:: ?????? ???? ????? (??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????)
• ?????? ???????:: ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? (??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????).

???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? (??? ?????? ??????????). ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????.

2 - ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????

2.1 ??????? ???????? ??????????

?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????:???? ????? ???? ???? (?????)? ??? ???????.

?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????:

• ??????:: ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? (M → M? M ? + ne-)
• ????? ?????? (?? ?????? ???????????):: ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? (M??????? + ne- → M)

2.2 ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????

????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????.??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????.

????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????:$$E=E^0+\frac{RT}{nF}??\frac{[\text{???????}]}{[\text{??????????}]}$$E=E0+nFRT? [?????] [?????]

?? ?????:

• E?: ??? ????? ??????? (???? ??? 25 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? 1 ???/???)
• R: ???? ?????
• ?: ???? ???????
• ?: ??? ?????? ?????????
• F: ???? ???????

??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????: ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? (??? ?????)? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? (??? ????? ??????).

2.3 ??????? ????? ?????????

???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????:

1 - ????????? ?????????????
???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????????.

• ????????? ????????:: ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????.
• ????????? ???????:: ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????

2 - ????????? ????????
???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.

2.4 ????? ??????? ??????? ???????

????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????:

1. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????:: ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????.
2. ??????? ?????????????:: ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????:
   • Zn(OH)?2- → Zn(OH)? + 2OH- (?????? ?? ??? ???????)
   • Zn(OH)? + 2e → Zn + 2OH- (????? ??????)
3. ??????? ?????????:: ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????.

2.5 ????? ??????? ?????? ??????

????? ??????? ?????:: ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????.$$M=KIt$$M=KIt

??? K ?? ??????? ????????????? (???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? 1C).

????? ??????? ??????:: ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? 1 ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? 9.65 × 10?C (???? ??????? F).

??????? ???????:: ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? (??? ????? ??????????).$$\eta =\frac{\text{???? ??????? ???????}}{\text{?????? ??????? ????? ???????}}\times 100\mathrm{\%}=\frac{M^{\mathrm{\prime }}}{KIt}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$$η= ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? × 100%=KItM′×100%

????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 100%.

2.6 ???? ????? ??????

?????? ???? ???? ??????:$$\delta =\frac{K{D}_{K}t{\eta }_K\times 100}{60\gamma }$$δ=60γKDK?tηK×100

?? ?????:

• δ: ???? ?????? (????????)
• ?: ??????? ????????????? (?/?)
• D_K: ????? ???? ????? ?????? (?????/?2)
• ?: ????? (?????)
• η_K: ????? ???? ?????? (%)
• γ: ????? ?????? (??/?? ????)

???? ??????? (????????/????):$$U=\frac{K{D}_K{\eta }_K\times 100}{\gamma }$$U=γKDK?ηK×100

---

3 - ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????

3.1 ????? ???????

????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????:

• ??????? ???????:: ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????
• ??????? ???????:: ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????

3.2 ??????? ???????

???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????:

• ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????
• ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????
• ????? ??????? ????? ?????????: ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???.

3.3 ??????? ???????? (??????? ???????)

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????:

• ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????: ??????? ???????? (Na?SO?)? ??????? ?????????? (MgSO?)? ????? ?????????
• ???????: ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????.
• ??????: ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????

3.4 ???? ??????

?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????:

• ???????: ????? ??????? ?????? (????? ????????? ???????)
• ?????? ???????: ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????

3.5 ?????? ???????

?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???:

• ???? ???? ?????:: ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
• ?????? ??????:: ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????
• ???? ?????:: ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
• ???? ???????:: ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????

---

4 - ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????

4.1 ????? ???? ???????????

??????? ???? ???????????:

• ??????? ????? ??????????
• ????? ??????? ???????
• ????? ???????? ?? ??????????
• ???? ?????? ?????? ???????

????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????.

4.2 ??????? ?????? ???????

???????? ??? ???????:: ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????.

???????? ???????:

• ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????.
• ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????

4.3 ????? ????? ??????

????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????:

• ?????? ??????:: ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????
• ????????:: ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???
• ?????:: ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?"??????" ??????.

????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.

4.4 ????? ????? ?????? ??????

?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????:

• ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????:: ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
• ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? (??????):: ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????
• ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? (??????):: ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????

4.5 ????? ???? ???????

• ????? ????????:: ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????
• ????? ???????? ???????:: ???? ?? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???????

4.6 ??????? ?????

• ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????:: ????? ??????
• ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????:: ????? ?????????
• ????? ???? ??????? ??????

---

5 - ????? ?? ??? ??????

???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

5.1 ???????? ???????????

?????:: ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????.

?????:: ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????.

??????????? ??????:: ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????.

5.2 ????? ??????

???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????:

• ????? ?????? ?????????:: ????? ?????? ????????? ???????
• ????? ?????? ??????????:: ?????? ?????????? ???????
• ????? ?????? ??????????????:: ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????

5.3 ????? 5.3 ?????

?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????.

---

6- ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????

6.1 ???????

??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? (-0.76 ????) ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

??? ???????:

• ????? ?????? ??????(??????? ??? ??????? ?????): ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? (????? ?????? ????? ?????)
• ????? ?????? ??????:: ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????
• ????? ????????:: ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????.

????? ????????:

• ??? ??????????:: ??????? ??? ???? ????? 200 ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????
• ???? ?????? ??? ?????:: ????? ?????
• ???????:: ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????

6.2 ???? ?????? 6.2 ???? ??????

????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????.

??????? ???????:

• ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
• ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????
• ???? ??????? ????????
• ???? ?????????
• ???? ??????? ?????????

??? ???????:

???????	????????	???????
???? ??????? ??????	?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????	??? ?????? ??? ???????
???? ???? ?????????	??????? ????????? ?????	?????? ??????
???? ?????? ?????????????	-	-
???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????	???? ?????? ??? ???? ????	????? ??? ????? ????
???? ?????? ????????????? ????????	-	-

6.3 ?????? ???????

???????: ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????.

????? ???????:

1. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????:: ???? ?????? ???????
2. ???? ??????? ????? (???? ????? ??????):: ????? ????? ?????
3. ????? ????:: ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????
4. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????:: ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????

????? ???????:

• ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???????? (CrO?)? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????????.
• ??? ?????????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
• ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????

6.4 ?????? ???????

????????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????.

???????:

• ???? ?????
• ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????

????? ????? ?????? ????????:

• "?????? ?????? ?? ??? "???" (?????? ?????????)
• ???? ?????? ???? ?????????
• ???? ?????? ?????????????

???? ?????? ??????:: ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???.

6.5 ???? ????? 6.5

???????:: ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????.

?????:

• ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? (??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????).
• ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? (+0.799 ????) ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????:
  • ???? ??????:: ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? + ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????
  • ???? ??????? ??????:: ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? + ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????
  • ?? ??? ?????? ???????

6.6 ???? ????? 6.6 ???? ?????

???????:: ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? (???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????)? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????.

???????:

• ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????
• ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????

??? ????? ??????????? ????????: ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????.

6.7 ?????? ??????????

?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????.

6.8 ???? ???????

??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????.

???? ??????? ???????:

1. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
2. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????.

?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????:

• ????? ????? ?????? ??????? (????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????)
• ??????? ????? ??????? (???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????)
• ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (????? ??????? ????? ???????)

???? ??????? ???????:

• ????? ????? ???????:: ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? 3 ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? 10% ???? ????? ?? 5 ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? 13%.
• ????? ????? ???????:: ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????
• ????? ?????? ???????:: ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? 15-50%.
• ????: ??????-????????? ??????-?????? ??????-?????? ??????-???????? ??????-???????? ??????-????? (?????? ??????)? ???????-??????? ???????-?????? ???????-??????? ???.

---

7- ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????

7.1 ?????? ???????

?????:: ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????.

????? ??????????:: ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????.

???????:

???? ??? ?????:

• ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.
• ???? ????????: ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????
• ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? → ????? ?????? ????? → ????

???? ????? ??? ???????:

1. ???? ???????:: ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????
2. ??? ???????? ???????:: ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????
3. ?????? ????????:: ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????????
4. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????:: ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????
5. ???? ????? ???????:: ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????
6. ???? ?????? ??? ?????:: ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
7. ??? ????? ??????? ??????:: ??? ?????? ???? ???????
8. ????? ????? ??????:: ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????
9. ?????? ??????:: ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????
10. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????:: ????? ??????? ?????? ?????

??????:

• ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (??? ??????? ??????? ????????) ?????? ?????? ??????.
• ??????? ??????? (???? ???????? ????? ??????)
• ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????
• ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????
• ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????

7.2 ??????? ?????????

??????:: ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.

???? ?????:: ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????:

1. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????: ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????.
2. ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????.

????? ????????:

1. ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????:: ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????
2. ?????? ?? ??????:: ????? ??????? ????????
3. ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????:
   • ????? ??????: ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
   • ?????? ??????: ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????.
4. ????? ?????? ???????:: ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????
5. ??????? ????? ??????? ??????:: ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????
6. ????? ????? ??????:: ????? ????????

7.3 ???????? "????????"

?????:: ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????.

?????? ???????:

• ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????
• ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????
• ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
• ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????

---

8 - ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????

8.1 ?????? ???? ????? ?????? 8.1

????? ????????	?????	????? ???????
?????? ??????????	???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????	????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (???? ?????)? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???
??? ???????(??????? ?????? ??????)	???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????	????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
??????? ???????	???? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????	????? ??????????
??? ???????	???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????	??????? ??????
???? ????? ??????	???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????	?????? ????? ??????

8.2 ???????? ???? ?????? 8.2

????? ????????	?????	????? ???????
??? ?????	??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????	?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (11 ?????)
??????	???? ??????	??? ?????: ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????: ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? (????????/??????????)
????????	????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????	????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
?????? ??????	?????? ?????? ??????	?????? ?? ?????

---

9 - ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????

9.1 ???????? ??????????

??? ????????:

• ???? ????
• ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????

9.2 ??????? ????????

????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????:

• ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ????????
• ????? ????????? ???? ???????
• ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????

?????? ????? ?????????: ???? ?????? ???????????? ???.

9.3 ??????? ?????????? ????????

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

---

10 - ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????

????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? (?????? ??????? ??????? ??????) ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ???????:

• ??????? ?????????
• ????? ??????? ???????
• ????? ????? ???????
• ?????? ????????
• ???????? ??????????

---

11 - ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????

??????	????? ?? ??? ???????	???? ???????	??????
??????	1000 ??/??? ??? ???????? + 45 ??/??? ?????? ????????	60-70°C	?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????
???? ??????	??? ???????? 50%	-	-
???? ??????	100-150 ??/??? ??? ?????????????	-	-
???????	650-680 ??/??? ?? ??? ????????????? ?? 450-500 ??/??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????	-	-
?????? ??????	50 ??/??? ??? ????????????? + 950 ??/??? ??? ?????????	-	-
????	????????? ???????? 10-20 ??/??? + ?????? ?????????? 50-100 ??/???	-	-

---

12 - ??????? ??????? (FAQ)

1- ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????

???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????) ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (?????? ???????) ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????.

2- ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????

???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????.

3- ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????

??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? (??? ????? ?????? ??????).

4- ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????

??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.

5 - ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????

??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????.

6 - ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????

???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? (??? ?????? ??????? ??????) ?????? ???? ????? ?????.

7- ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????

?????? ??????? 0.5-5 ????????? ??????? ??????? 5-50 ????????? ??????? ????? ??? 100 ???????? ?? ????.

8- ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????

?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????.

9- ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????

????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? (?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????).

10 - ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????

???????? ??? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????.

11- ?? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????

?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? (??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? 200 ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????).

12- ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????????

????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????.

13- ?? ?? ???? ???????

?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????.

14- ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????

?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???.

15- ????? ??????? ??? ????????

????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.

---

13 - ???????

?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????.

??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????) ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????.